OECD and non-OECD countries Analysis by Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index
Abstract
The paper analyzes various countries based on cluster analysis (k-means) to divide 86 countries into two clusters according to their belonging to OECD and non-OECD countries. Based on the multidimensional space of the Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index, Cluster No. 1, characterized by negative values for all variables, characterizes a group of countries with less stringent restrictions on trade in digital services, mainly from among the OECD countries. Cluster No. 2, on the contrary, has positive values for all variables, which indicates strict restrictions in this area and, to a greater extent, includes countries that are not members of the OECD. The clustering results are confirmed by the Mann-Whitney U-criterion, which indicates statistically significant differences between groups in several indicators, such as infrastructure connectivity, intellectual property rights, other barriers and payment systems, except the indicator of electronic transactions in the OECD group, where there are no statistically significant differences. The results also indicate a correlation between OECD membership and the characteristics of clusters identified in the study.
The article was submitted: 12.02.2024;
approved after reviewing: 15.03.2024.
Downloads
References
Гэн Чанцзюнь Состояние, тенденции и проблемы цифровой торговли Китая // Международная торговля и торговая политика. 2021. №2 (26). – с. 62-79.
Канунникова А.А. Международная торговля образовательными услугами в условиях цифровой трансформации // Вестник ГУУ. 2023. №9. – с. 140-148. doi:10.26425/1816-4277-2023-9-140-148
Лесюк М. И., Смирнов Е. Н. Направления цифровой трансформации международной торговли услугами в условиях глобального кризиса // E-Management. 2022. №2. – с. 91-98.
Смирнов Е.Н. Подходы к нейтрализации рисков развития международной цифровой торговли // Инновации и инвестиции. 2020. №5. – с. 104-108.
Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://public.knoema.com/wgumoyc/digital-services-trade-restrictiveness-index
Kassambara A., Mundt F. factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. 2020 [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra.
Kodinariya TM, Makwana PR. Review on determining number of Cluster in K-Means Clustering. International Journal. 2013 Nov; №1(6). с. 90-5.
McKnight PE, Najab J. Mann‐Whitney U Test. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. 2010 Jan 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0524.
OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://goingdigital.oecd.org/en/indicator/73
R Core Team. R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. 2021 (Version 4.1) [Computer software] – Режим доступа: https://cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from MRAN snapshot 2022-01-01).
Seol H. snowCluster: Multivariate Analysis. 2023 (Version 7.1.7) [jamovi module]. – Режим доступа: https://github.com/hyunsooseol/snowCluster.
Seyam S. Data Restrictions and Digital Services Trade: A Gravity Analysis of the Impact of Data Restrictions on Trade Flows in Digital-Intensive Services. 2024.
The jamovi project. jamovi. 2022 (Version 2.3) [Computer Software] – Режим доступа: https://www.jamovi.org.
Yang F, Wang Y, Whang U. Trade restrictions on digital services and the impact on manufacturing exports. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development. 2023 Mar 31, с. 1-28.
Yang H.Y., Tian X.Y. Research on the Impact of Cross-Border Data Flow Restrictions on Digital Service Trade and Its Countermeasures. InInternational conference on Variability of the Sun and sun-like stars: from asteroseismology to space weather 2022 Jul 14 (с. 243-253). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
